The sentinel node procedure in early stage cervical cancer, taking the next step; a diagnostic review

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Recent reviews on the sentinel lymph node (SLN) procedure in cervical cancer have shown that bilateral SLN detection and ultra staging are safe and superior options compared to a unilateral detection, frozen section and H&E analysis. So far, nobody identified a subgroup of patients in whom a SLN procedure may replace pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND). METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL and Cochrane from inception up to November 26, 2014. Studies reporting SLN detection, and/or histological outcome of the SLN were included. Methodological quality was assessed with the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool by two independent reviewers. Data to complete 2x2 contingency tables were obtained, and patient-, study- and technique characteristics were extracted. Results were pooled and plotted in forest plots. RESULTS: Forty-seven studies (4130 patients) were analyzed. Pooled data of diagnostic accuracy on ultra staging (18 studies; 1275 patients) showed a sensitivity of 94% (95% CI 80-99%) and negative predictive values ranging between 91 and 100%. After ultra staging, 19 false negative results remained. Prerequisites such as early FIGO stage (IA2, IB1, IIA primary tumor size <40mm), no suspicious pre-, and per-operative lymph nodes, and bilateral negative SLNs after ultra staging resulted in 1 remaining false negative result among 1257 patients (0.08%). Pooled data on a combined tracer in early stage cervical cancer patients with primary tumor size <20mm (6 studies; 276 patients) resulted in 87% bilateral SLN detection. CONCLUSIONS: Early stage cervical cancer patients (FIGO IA2, IB1, IIA primary tumor size <40mm) who have no suspicious pre-, and per-operative lymph nodes, and have bilateral negative SLNs after ultra staging, have a residual risk of 0.08% (1/1257) on occult metastases. On the basis of these results we recommend not to perform a full PLND in these patients.