Negative association between cognitive functioning and antipsychotic D2 receptor occupancy, affinity, and dose after first episode psychosis

Abstract

Background: Evidence regarding the effects of antipsychotic medication on cognitive functioning after a first-episode psychosis (FEP) remains inconclusive. This study examined whether dopamine D2 receptor occupancy, affinity, and antipsychotic dose are related to cognitive functioning in people in remission from FEP. Methods: 278 remitted FEP participants from the HAMLETT-trial were included. Cognitive functioning was assessed with the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, 3-6 months after remission. D2 receptor occupancy was estimated based on antipsychotic type and dose. Antipsychotics were categorized into partial agonists, or antagonists with high or low D2 receptor affinity. Linear regression analyses were performed with inverse probability of treatment weighting to control for differences in characteristics between groups. Results: D2 receptor occupancy was negatively related to global cognition (β = -0.18), verbal fluency (β = -0.22), and attention and processing speed (β = -0.17, all p < 0.003). The interaction between daily dose and D2 receptor affinity category was significant for global cognition (p = 0.0046) and working memory (p = 0.0019), but not for verbal fluency after correction for multiple testing (p = 0.029). Interactions showed that higher daily dose was related to lower cognitive functioning, with significantly stronger negative effects in high-affinity antagonists compared to other antipsychotics. Conclusions: The current findings underscore the importance of antipsychotic D2 receptor occupancy and affinity for cognitive functioning and suggest better cognitive functioning in users of partial agonists and low D2 receptor affinity antipsychotics. This can be important when selecting antipsychotics for individuals with FEP.