Binary stimulus sequences for brain-computer interfaces (BCI) using the code-modulated-visual evoked potential (c-VEP)

Abstract

We evaluated a variety of modulated and unmodulated stimulus sequences, including m-sequences, Gold codes, de Bruijn sequences, and Golay sequences. These stimulus sequences elicit code-modulated visual evoked potentials (c-VEPs) for use in a speller brain-computer interface (BCI). In addition, we recorded non-overlapping flash-VEPs with varying durations and inter-stimulus intervals, pre- and post-session resting-state activity (eyes open and closed), and conducted several behavioral assessments, including user comfort ratings and the sustained attention to response task (SART). The primary goal was to investigate BCI inefficiency, identify contributing factors, and explore strategies for mitigation, such as optimizing the stimulus protocol. This dataset contains the EEG and ECG data that were collected from 26 healthy human participants during each of these tasks.